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<!--replace-end-7--><!--replace-end-4--><!--replace-end-1--></head><body><div class="ui fluid container universe"><!--replace-start-2--><!--replace-start-3--><!--replace-start-6--><div class="ui text container" id="zettel-container" style="position: relative"><div class="zettel-view"><article class="ui raised attached segment zettel-content"><div class="pandoc"><h1 id="title-h1">Transistors</h1><p>A digital circuit requires that electrical phenomena be treated as discrete rather than continuous values.</p><p>Although a given voltage at a point in the circuit can vary widely, in order to represent the binary states of ‘on’ and ‘off’ we need it to remain fixed within certain narrow parameters. This is achieved with transistors.</p><p>Transistors are an electrical component that is capable of controlling the flow of current in the manner of a switch where the ‘off’ and ‘on’ states are represented by <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Voltage"><a href="Voltage.html">voltage</a></span></span> values within set parameters.</p><p>There are different types of transistors but the simplest for the purposes of explanation are <strong>bipolar junction transistors</strong>.</p><p><img alt="BJT transistor terminals" src="/static/bjt-terminals.jpg" /></p><p>The pins:</p><ul><li>C: collector</li><li>B: base</li><li>E: emitter</li></ul><p>Applying a small amount of current at the base allows a larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter. Applying current to the base is like turning the switch on. Removing this current is like turning the switch off.</p><p>This happens because of how current and voltage interact in a transistor. The small base current controls the larger collector-emitter current through a process called current amplification.</p><p>When a small voltage is applied to the base, it allows a small current to flow from the base to the emitter. This base current triggers a much larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter. Think of it like a water valve: a small turn of the handle (base current) can control a large flow of water (collector-emitter current). The transistor amplifies this effect, allowing a tiny input signal to control a much larger output.</p><h2 id="transistors-and-logic-gates">Transistors and logic gates</h2><p>We can combine transistors to create logic gates. A logic gate is a combination of transistors arranged such that the logical function is embodied by the characteristic input and output voltages to the transistor.</p><p>For example to create an <a href="Logic_gates.md#and-gate">AND</a> gate we would have two voltage inputs going into two transistors that are connected in sequence. The two transistors create a continuous line going from the collector of one to the emitter of the other. If either voltage input is low then the voltage of the combined line is low (equivalent to the circuit being broken) and there is no current flowing.</p><p><img src="/static/and-transistor.png" /></p><p>// Add example of OR gate created with transistors</p></div></article><nav class="ui attached segment deemphasized backlinksPane" id="neuron-backlinks-pane"><h3 class="ui header">Backlinks</h3><ul class="backlinks"><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="The_History_of_Computing_Swade.html">History of Computing (Swade, 2022 )</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Transistors"><a href="Transistors.html">transistors</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="Logic_gates.html">Logic gates</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>Physically, what ‘travels through’ the gates is electrical current and what constitutes the ‘gate’ is a <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Transistors"><a href="Transistors.html">transistor</a></span></span> responding to the current. Going up a level of abstraction, the current/ charge is identified with a <a href="Binary_units_of_measurement.md#binary-units-of-measurement">bit</a>. It is bits that go into the gate and bits which come out: binary information that may be either 1 or 0.</p></div></li></ul></li><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="DRAM_and_SRAM_memory.html">DRAM and SRAM memory</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>In a DRAM cell, each bit of data is stored as a charge in a capacitor. The presence of charge represents a ‘1’ bit and the absence of charge represents a ‘0’ bit. Each of these cells is paired with a <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Transistors"><a href="Transistors.html">transistor</a></span></span> that controls the reading and writing of data.</p></div></li></ul></li></ul></nav><nav class="ui attached segment deemphasized bottomPane" id="neuron-tags-pane"><div><span class="ui basic label zettel-tag" title="Tag">binary</span><span class="ui basic label zettel-tag" title="Tag">electronics</span><span class="ui basic label zettel-tag" title="Tag">logic-gates</span></div></nav><nav class="ui bottom attached icon compact inverted menu blue" id="neuron-nav-bar"><!--replace-start-9--><!--replace-end-9--><a class="right item" href="impulse.html" title="Open Impulse"><i class="wave square icon"></i></a></nav></div></div><!--replace-end-6--><!--replace-end-3--><!--replace-end-2--><div class="ui center aligned container footer-version"><div class="ui tiny image"><a href="https://neuron.zettel.page"><img alt="logo" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/srid/neuron/master/assets/neuron.svg" title="Generated by Neuron 1.9.35.3" /></a></div></div></div></body></html> |