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<!--replace-end-7--><!--replace-end-4--><!--replace-end-1--></head><body><div class="ui fluid container universe"><!--replace-start-2--><!--replace-start-3--><!--replace-start-6--><div class="ui text container" id="zettel-container" style="position: relative"><div class="zettel-view"><article class="ui raised attached segment zettel-content"><div class="pandoc"><h1 id="title-h1">Cells and batteries</h1><p>Cells are a <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Voltage"><a href="Voltage.html">voltage source</a></span></span> that generate a difference of potential via a positive and negative electrode separated by an electrolytic solution. The electrolytes pull free electrons from one of the materials which creates a positive charge. The other material gains the free electrons creating a negative charge.</p><blockquote><p>A battery is a combination of two or more cells.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Cells which cannot be recharged are called <strong>primary cells</strong>. Cells which can be recharged are called <strong>secondary cells</strong>.</p></blockquote><h2 id="connecting-batteries">Connecting batteries</h2><p>Cells and batteries can be connected to each other in electrical ciruits to increase the overall voltage and current that is produced. There are three main connection types:</p><ul><li>series</li><li>parallel</li><li>series-parallel</li></ul><blockquote><p>The key thing to remember: <strong>cells configured in series increases the overall voltage available</strong> and <strong>cells configured in parallel increases the overall current available</strong></p></blockquote><p>The table below summarises the relative differences:</p><p><img src="/static/cell-comparison.svg" /></p><h3 id="series-connections">Series connections</h3><p>With series connections we distinguish <strong>series aiding</strong> and <strong>series opposing</strong> configurations.</p><p>In the case of <strong>series aiding</strong>, cells are connected one in front of another with the positive terminal connecting to the negative terminal of the other in a line.</p><p>In this configuration the same current flows through all the cells; it is not cumulative. We represent this as follow> However the voltage is cumulative: it is the <em>sum</em> of the individual cell voltages, represented below as <a href="Voltage.md#distinguishing-voltage-from-electric-field">electrical field</a>:</p><p><span class="math display">$$
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E_{T} = E_{1} + E_{2} + E_{3} \\
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$$</span></p><p>Thus series connections increase voltage but keep current constant.</p><p><em>Series battery connection:</em></p><p><img src="/static/series-battery-diagram.svg" /></p><p><em>Can be represented in a circuit diagram in one of the following two ways: as a series of cells or as a single battery:</em></p><p><img src="/static/series-battcircuit.svg" /></p><p>In the case of <strong>series opposing</strong>, negative terminals are connected to each other and positive terminals are connected to each other in a series. This doesn’t have many applications.</p><h3 id="parallel-connections">Parallel connections</h3><p>In parallel connections all positive terminals are connected to each other and all negative terminals are connected to each other.</p><p>This time the voltage is the same as each individual cell but the current is the sum of the individual cell currents. So the voltage is constant but the current is cumulative:</p><p><span class="math display">$$
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E_{T} = E_{1} = E_{2} = E_{3} \\
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$$</span></p><p><span class="math display">$$
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I_{T} = I_{1} + I_{2} + I_{3}
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$$</span></p><p><em>Parallel battery connection:</em></p><p><img src="/static/parallel-battery-diagram.svg" /></p><p><em>Parallel battery circuit diagram:</em></p><p><img src="/static/circ-batt-final.svg" /></p><h3 id="series-parrallel">Series-parrallel</h3><p>If we want both a higher voltage and a higher current we can use series-parallel configurations. Connecting cells in series increases the voltage and connecting cells in parellel increases the current so doint both boosts the amount of both quantities.</p></div></article><nav class="ui attached segment deemphasized backlinksPane" id="neuron-backlinks-pane"><h3 class="ui header">Backlinks</h3><ul class="backlinks"><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="Voltage_sources.html">Voltage sources</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>The chemical creation of current is the physics behind <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Cells and batteries"><a href="Cells_and_batteries.html">batteries</a></span></span>. Chemical current production produces currents on a smaller and less industrial scale than generators.</p></div></li></ul></li><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="Voltage.html">Voltage</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>Given that voltage is the force that generates current, it would be natural to think that voltage only exists when a voltage source (such as a <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Cells and batteries"><a href="Cells_and_batteries.html">battery</a></span></span>) is connected to a circuit. This however is not the case. Even if a 9V battery isn’t connected to anything it still has a difference of potential of 9-volts accross its terminals. Remember voltage is <em>potential energy</em> not just the actualisation of that energy.</p></div></li></ul></li></ul></nav><nav class="ui attached segment deemphasized bottomPane" id="neuron-tags-pane"><div><span class="ui basic label zettel-tag" title="Tag">electricity</span><span class="ui basic label zettel-tag" title="Tag">physics</span></div></nav><nav class="ui bottom attached icon compact inverted menu blue" id="neuron-nav-bar"><!--replace-start-9--><!--replace-end-9--><a class="right item" href="impulse.html" title="Open Impulse"><i class="wave square icon"></i></a></nav></div></div><!--replace-end-6--><!--replace-end-3--><!--replace-end-2--><div class="ui center aligned container footer-version"><div class="ui tiny image"><a href="https://neuron.zettel.page"><img alt="logo" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/srid/neuron/master/assets/neuron.svg" title="Generated by Neuron 1.9.35.3" /></a></div></div></div></body></html> |