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Electronics/Physics_of_electricity/Matter_and_atoms.md
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# Matter and atoms # Matter and atoms
- Matter is any substance that has weight. It can take the form of a liquid, a solid, or a gas. ## Matter, elements, compounds and mixtures
- Matter comprises **elements** and **compounds**
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. It may be found in any one of three states: liquid, solid, or gas.
- Matter can be classed in terms of **elements**, **compounds** and **mixtures**.
- An element is a substance that cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by chemical means.
- The chemical combination of two or more elements is a compound. Compounds _can_ be separated by reduced by chemical means but they cannot be physically separated.
- A _physical_ (note not _chemical_) combination of elements and compounds is a mixture.
- For example "air" is a mixture which is made up of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
## Atoms and molecules ## Atoms and molecules
An element is any matter that cannot be divided further by chemical means. Elements are made up of atoms. Elements can join together to form compounds. A molecule is a type of compound where the atoms of two types of elements have joined together to form a more complex type of matter. The parts of a molecule, in contrast to elements, can be separated by chemical means. For example Sodium and Chlorine are two elements that can join to form Sodium Chloride. We call this **chemical bonding**. We can use chemistry to separate the Sodium and Chlorine atoms in the molecule to return to two separate elements. - Elements are made up of **atoms**.
- A **molecule** is a type of compound where the atoms of two types of elements have joined together. For example Sodium and Chlorine are two elements that can join to form Sodium Chloride. We call this **chemical bonding**.
Compounds can be confusing. In general a compound is any matter that contains more than one kind of element. By this definition a molecule is always a compound. However not every compound is a molecule as we can have complex compounds that contain more than one type of molecule. For example water is hydrogen and oxygen forming a molecule. It contains more than one element therefore it is a compound. But imagine if we had water and carbon combined. This would still be a compound but not a molecule since it would contain a molecule and a carbon element.
## Atomic particles ## Atomic particles
There are three particles comprising atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons. * There are three particles comprising atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons.
Protons and neutrons comprise the nucleous of the atom. A proton is positively charged. A neutron has no charge. * Protons and neutrons comprise the nucleous of the atom. A proton is positively charged. A neutron has no charge.
Electrons orbit around the nucleous in concentric rings. Electrons are negatively. Because of this protons and electrons attract each other. * Electrons orbit around the nucleous in concentric rings. Electrons are negatively charged. Because of this protons and electrons attract each other.