New stuff

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.DS_Store

Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Apollo Client is the client-side counterpart to [Apollo Server](/Databases/Graph
 
 ## Initializing the client
 
-We initialise the client and set-up in memory kcaching to reduce network requests:
+We initialise the client and set-up in memory caching to reduce network requests:
 
 ```js
 const client = new ApolloClient({
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const client = new ApolloClient({
 
 ## Utilising the provider
 
-Apollo Provides a top level application context that we can wrap our React app in. This will provide access to the client object from anywhere within the app, eg:
+Apollo provides a top level application context that we can wrap our React app in. This will provide access to the client object from anywhere within the app, eg:
 
 ```jsx
 ReactDOM.render(

Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Server.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ It is able to do the following:
 
 - Receive an incoming GraphQL query from a client
 - Validate that query against the server schema
-- Populate the queried schema fieldsj
+- Populate the queried schema fields
 - Return the fields as a JSON response object
 
 ## Example schema
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ It is able to do the following:
 We will use the following schema in the examples.
 
 ```js
+// schema.js
+
 const typeDefs = gql`
   " Our schema types will be nested here
 `;
@@ -53,6 +55,8 @@ type Author {
 We instantiate an `ApolloServer` instance and pass our schema to it. We then subscribe to it with a [listener](/Programming_Languages/Node/Modules/Core/Node_JS_events_module.md#extending-the-eventemitter-class).
 
 ```js
+// index.js
+
 const { ApolloServer } = require("apollo-server");
 const typeDefs = require("./schema");
 const server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs });
@@ -112,9 +116,9 @@ We can now [run queries](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md#running-a-qu
 
 ## Implementing resolvers
 
-A resolver is a [function](/Trash/Creating_a_GraphQL_server.md#resolvers) that populates data for a given query. It should have **the same name as the field for the query**. So far we have one query in our schema: `tracksForHome` which returns the tracks to be listed on the home page. We must therefore we must also name our resolver for this query `tracksForHome`.
+A resolver is a [function](/Trash/Creating_a_GraphQL_server.md#resolvers) that populates data for a given query. It should have **the same name as the field for the query**. So far we have one query in our schema: `tracksForHome` which returns the tracks to be listed on the home page. We must therefore also name our resolver for this query `tracksForHome`.
 
-It can fetch data from any data source or multiple data sources (other servers, databases, REST APIs) and then presents this as a single integrated resouce to the client, matching the shape requested.
+It can fetch data from a single data source or multiple data sources (other servers, databases, REST APIs) and present this as a single integrated resource to the client, matching the shape requested.
 
 As per the [generic example](/Trash/Creating_a_GraphQL_server.md#resolvers), you write write your resolvers as keys on a `resolvers` object, e.g:
 
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ As per the [generic example](/Trash/Creating_a_GraphQL_server.md#resolvers), you
 const resolvers = {};
 ```
 
-The `resolvers` object's keys will correspond to the schema's types and fields. For some reason Apollo requires extra scaffolding around the keys, you have to wrap the key in `Query` like so:
+The `resolvers` object's keys will correspond to the schema's types and fields. You distinguish resolves which directly correspond to a query in the schema from other resolver types by wraping them in `Query {}`.
 
 ```js
 const resolvers = {
@@ -134,27 +138,26 @@ const resolvers = {
 
 ### Resolver parameters
 
-The resolver function has standard parameters that you draw on when implementing the resolution:
+Each resolver function has the same standard parameters that you can invoke when implementing the resolution: `resolverFunction(parent, args, context, info)`.
 
 - `parent`
-  - something to do with resolver chains //TODO: return to
+  - Used with [resolver chains](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Using_arguments_with_Apollo_Client.md#resolver-chains) ---add example
 - `args`
-  - an object containing the argments that were provided for the field by the client. For instance if the client requests a field with an accompanying `id` argument, `id` will show up in the `args` object
+  - an object comprising arguments provided for the given field by the client. For instance if the client requests a field with an accompanying `id` argument, `id` can be parsed via the `args` object
 - `context`
-  - shared state between different resolvers that contains essential connection parameters such as authentication, a database connection, or a `RESTDataSource` (see below)
+  - shared state between different resolvers that contains essential connection parameters such as authentication, a database connection, or a `RESTDataSource` (see below). This will be typically instantiated via a class which is then invoked within the `ApolloServer` instance under the `dataSources` key.
 - `info`
-  - least essential, used for caching
+  - not used so frequently but employed as part of caching
 
 Typically you won't use every parameter with every resolver. You can ommit them with `_, __`; the number of dashes indicating the argument placement.
 
 ### `RESTDataSource`
 
-This is something you can apply to your server to improve the efficiency of working with REST APIs in your resolvers.
+A resolver can return data from multiple sources. One of the most common sources is a RESTful endpoint. Apollo provides a specific class for handling REST endpoints in your resolvers: `RESTDataSource`.
 
 REST APIs fall victim to the "n + 1" problem: say you want to get an array of one resource type, then for each element returned you need to send another request using one of its properties to fetch a related resource.
 
-This is implicit in the case of the `Track` type in the schema. Each `Track` has an `author` key but the `Author` type isn't embedded in `Track` it has to be fetched using an `id`. In a REST API, this would require a request to
-a separate end point for each `Track` returned.
+This is implicit in the case of the `Track` type in the schema. Each `Track` has an `author` key but the `Author` type isn't embedded in `Track` it has to be fetched using an `id`. In a REST API, this would require a request to a separate end point for each `Track` returned, increasing the time complexity of the request.
 
 Here is an example of `RESTDataSource` being used. It is just a class that can be extended and which provides inbuilt methods for running fetches against a REST API:
 
@@ -232,6 +235,13 @@ const resolvers = {
 };
 ```
 
-- We keep `Track` outside of `Query` because it has no corresponding query in the schema and we must always match the schema.
-- We invoke the `context` again when we destructure `dataSources`.
-- This time we utilise the `args` parameter in the resolver since an `id` will be provided as a client-side [argument](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Using_arguments_with_Apollo_Client.md) to return a specific author.
+- Just as we nest the `tracksForHome` resolver under `Query`, we must nest `author` under `Track` to match the structure of the schema. This resolver doesn't respond to a query that is exposed to the client so it shouldn't go under `Query`.
+
+* We invoke the `context` again when we destructure `dataSources` from the `ApolloServer` instance.
+* This time we utilise the `args` parameter in the resolver since an `id` will be provided as a client-side [argument](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Using_arguments_with_Apollo_Client.md) to return a specific author.
+
+## The `useMutation` hook
+
+We invoke the `useMutation` hook to issue mutations from the client-side.
+
+As with queries and [query constants](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md#query-constants)

Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Mutations_with_Apollo_Client.md

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+---
+title: Mutations with Apollo Client
+categories:
+  - Databases
+tags: [graphql]
+---
+
+# Mutations with Apollo Client
+
+Queries are read-only operations. Mutations are write-only operations.
+
+Just like the `Query` type, the `Mutation` type serves as an entrypoint to the schema.
+
+## Naming convention
+
+- Use verb: `add`, `create`, `delete`
+- Refer to the datatype
+
+For example `addSpaceCat(){}`
+
+## Demonstration mutation
+
+We are going to create a mutation that increments the `numberOfViews` field on the `Track` type:
+
+## Updating the schema
+
+```js
+type Mutation {
+    incrementTrackViews(id: ID!): IncrementTrackViewsResponse!
+}
+
+
+// Define a specific response type that specifically matches our needs
+type IncrementTrackViewsResponse {
+    code: Int! // status code
+    success: Boolean! // whether mutation was successful
+    message: String! // what to say if mutation successful
+    track: Track   // not nullable because might error
+}
+```
+
+Based on this schema, the mutation will recieve a `Track` id and increment the specified `Track`. It will return an object comprising the newly updated `Track` and a bundle of properties that provide feedback on the status of the operations: a status code, whether it succeeded, and a message.
+
+## Updating the data source
+
+Remember that our sole data source in the demonstration project is a REST API. We handle it within GraphQL using Apollos `RESTDataSource` class. We need to add a method to this class that will increment the track views. We wil use the `PATCH` REST method:
+
+```js
+class TrackAPI extends RESTDataSource {
+  constructor() {...}
+  getTracksForHome() {...}
+  getAuthor(authorId) {...}
+  getTrack(trackId){...};
+
+  incrementTrackViews(trackId) {
+    return this.patch(`track/${trackId}/numberOfViews`);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The `patch()` method is procided by the `RESTDataSouce` class that `TrackAPI` inherits from
+
+## Adding resolver
+
+Next we need a resolver that corresponds to the mutation we have defined in the schema. We will need to handle successful responses as well as errors.
+
+### Success case
+
+As always we match the shape of the schema:
+
+```js
+const resolvers = {
+  Query: {
+    // ...query resolvers
+  },
+  Mutation: {
+    // increments a track's numberOfViews property
+    incrementTrackViews: async (_, { id }, { dataSources }) => {
+      const track = await dataSources.trackAPI.incrementTrackViews(id);
+      return {
+        code: 200,
+        success: true,
+        message: `Successfully incremented number of views for track ${id}`,
+        track,
+      };
+    },
+  },
+};
+```
+
+There's more going on with this resolver than the previous one. As is standard, we call the API using the `TrackAPI` class. However we don't just immediately return this when it executes. This is because the schema specifies that the retrun type `IncrementTrackViewsResponse` requires more than just the updated `Track`. So we wait this and return it with the cluster of metadata about the mutation response (`code`, `success`, and `message`).
+
+### Error case
+
+We can extend the Mutation resolver to allow for errors. We'll do this by refactoring the resolver into a `try...catch` block and adding the error handling in the `catch`.
+
+We'll harness the details that are provided by Apollos' own `err` object which is returned by the `RESTDataSource` class that our resolver ultimately traces back to:
+
+```js
+const resolvers = {
+
+    Query: {
+        // ...query resolvers
+    }
+
+    Mutation: {
+        incrementTrackViews: async (_, {id}, {dataSources}) => {
+            try {
+                const track = await dataSources.trackAPI.incrementTrackViews(id);
+                return {
+                    code: 200,
+                    success: true,
+                    message: `Successfully incremented number of views for track ${id}`,
+                    track
+                };
+            } catch (err) {
+                return {
+                    code: err.extensions.response.status,
+                    success: false,
+                    message: err.extensions.response.body,
+                    track: null
+                };
+            }
+        },
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## The `useMutation` hook
+
+We invoke the `useMutation` hook to issue mutations from the client-side.
+
+As with queries and [query constants](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md#query-constants) we wrap our mutation in a `gql` template string:
+
+```js
+const INCREMENT_TRACK_VIEWS = gql`
+  mutation IncrementTrackViews($incrementTrackViewsId: ID!) {
+    incrementTrackViews(id: $incrementTrackViewsId) {
+      code
+      success
+      message
+      track {
+        id
+        numberOfViews
+      }
+    }
+  }
+`;
+```
+
+We then pass it to the `useMutation` hook including an options object with our variables. (This time the specific variable is named):
+
+```js
+import { gql, useMutation } from "@apollo/client";
+
+useMutation(INCREMENT_TRACK_VIEWS, {
+  variables: { incrementTrackViewsId: id },
+});
+```
+
+`useMutation` returns an array of two elements:
+
+1. The mutation function that actually executes
+2. An object comprising (`loading`, `error`, `data`) - this is the same as is the return value of `useQuery`.
+
+So we can destructure like so (we don't always need the second element);
+
+```js
+const [incrementTrackViews, dataObject] = useMutation(INCREMENT_TRACK_VIEWS...)
+```
+
+Given that we can isolate the mutation function as the first destructured element of the array, we could then attach `incrementTrackViews` to a button or other frontend interaction.

Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Using_arguments_with_Apollo_Client.md

@@ -167,11 +167,7 @@ Track: {
   },
 ```
 
-Notice that `authorId` is used in the place of the `parent` parameter. It already exists on the `Track` type that wraps. So this can be invoked to fulfill `author` and thereby access the author name from the graph.
-
-> I don't really understand this but the general point seems to be that the resolvers outside of the main `Query` block in the resolver are tied to a data type and can be used to magically populate query requests for nested fields providing a key is on the main datatype returned.
-
-Now repeat this example with `modules`
+Notice that `authorId` is used in the place of the `parent` parameter. It already exists on the `Track` type that wraps the resolver. So this can be invoked to fulfill `author` and thereby access the author name from the graph.
 
 This process is also required for our extended schema. The `Track` type now has a `modules` field that comprises an array of the `Module` type.
 
@@ -277,10 +273,10 @@ Then to employ in React:
 const trackId = "xyz";
 
 const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_TRACK, {
-  variables: trackId,
+  variables: {
+    id: trackId,
+  },
 });
 ```
 
-Note that in contrast to the [simple example](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md#query-constants) because we are using variables, we have to pass-in an additional object with the query constant that specifies our variables.
-
-// TODO: Find examples of using more than one variable.
+Note that in contrast to the [simple example](/Databases/GraphQL/Apollo/Apollo_Client.md#query-constants) because we are using variables, we have to pass-in an additional options object with the query constant that specifies our variables.

Databases/REST/RESTful_APIs.md

@@ -42,3 +42,5 @@ A basic example of a REST API would be a series of methods corresponding to the
 | PUT               | /api/customers/guid | Update an existing customer | Yes                      |
 | DELETE            | /api/customers/1    | Delete a customer           | No, data comes from GUID |
 | POST              | /api/customers      | Create a new customer       | Yes                      |
+
+// TODO: Add PATCH and explain differenct from PUT