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zk/The_History_of_Computing_Swade.md
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@ -701,6 +701,8 @@ the Intel 4004 - was the microprocessor combined with three other ICs
(comprising 2.3k transistors) that comprised the fundamental building blocks of
the #vonNeumann architecture.
![Intel 4004 chip](../img/intel-4004.jpg)
However it took until the Apple II in 1977 for the phrase "personal computer" to
enter the lexicon and become an identifiable class.
@ -716,6 +718,8 @@ required manual assembly. It was released by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems (MITS) in 1975. It couldn't do much but had expansion capability
(memory, teletype interface, casette player for data storage).
![Altair 8800](../img/altair-8800.jpg)
Bill Gates and Paul Allen made a proposal to MITS: they would write software
that would allow users to program the Altair in BASIC. They agreed and were
prepared to distribute the software. As a result Gates and Allen founded
@ -725,6 +729,8 @@ Around the same time, Steve Wozniak (member of the Homebrew club) built the
Apple I as a single-board hobbyist project. He made this available to buy via
mail order and formed Apple with Steve Jobs in 1976 to manage the enterprise.
![Apple I](../img/apple1.jpg)
By 1977 they had investment capital and brought out the Apple II. This was sold
preassembled with casing and required no soldering. It had expansion slots for
third-party vendors to create compatible devices and had colour graphics.
@ -735,6 +741,8 @@ allowed it to run the CP/M OS (created by the company Digital Research) giving
ready-made access to software such as a word-processor, spreadsheets and
databases.
![Apple 2](../img/apple2.jpg)
Other competitors in the PC market at this time were Radioshack's TRS-80 and the
Commodore PET.
@ -745,6 +753,8 @@ real interest. When PCSs started being used by businesses and their capacity
grew to include typical business applications (databases, spreadsheets) it
sensed an incursion into its market.
![IBM PC](../img/ibm-pc.jpg)
Thus, in 1981, IBM launched the "IBM Personal Computer" which rapidly became the
industry standard. This had the effect of legitimising the concept of a PC.
There was overwhelming demand. In their marketing IBM melded home and office use