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Electronics/Physics_of_electricity/Electromagnetism.md
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@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ As they spin they produce a **magnetic dipole**: the two poles noted above. We c
In most materials, equal numbers of electrons spin in opposite directions. As a result, their magentic effects are cancelled out. However **in strongly magnetic materials an overall majority of electrons spin in one particular direction**. This breaks the equilibrium and produces the magnetic field.
If you have material A where the electrons all spin in one direction and material B where the electrons all spin in a direction opposite to A, then B will be attracted to A and you can observe the effects of the magnetic force in action.
## Electromagnetic field
### What is a field

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Electronics/Physics_of_electricity/Electrons.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Each shell can accomodate a maximum number of electrons. The shells are designat
_The diagram below demonstrates shell naming conventions and the maximum number of electrons per shell._
![](/img/electron-shells.svg.svg)
![](/img/valence-shell.svg)
## Valence
@ -26,11 +26,12 @@ The outer shell called the **valence shell** and the number of electrons it cont
The **conductivity** of a material is an expression of its capacity to channel electrical charge. Where electrical charge is the _flow of free electrons from one atom to another_. The **insularity** of a material is the opposite: its _capacity to resist the flow of electrical charge_.
Electrons in the valence shell can gain energy from external forces. If these electrons gain enough energy, they can leave the atom and become **free electrons**, moving randomly from atom to atom.
Electrons in the valence shell can gain energy from external forces. If these electrons gain enough energy, they can leave the atom and become **free electrons**, moving randomly from atom to atom.
We call materials that contain a large number of free electrons **conductors**. In contrast **insulators** are atoms that stabilize themselves by absorbing valence electrons from other atoms to fill their valence shells, eliminating the free electrons.
### Semiconductors
Semiconductive materials are midway between conductors and insulators: they are neither good conductors or insulators but can be altered to function in the manner of either.
## Ionization