---
tags:
  - prealgebra
  - fractions
---

## Reducing fractions to their lowest terms

> A fraction is said to be _reduced to its lowest terms_ if the
> [greatest common divisor](Factors%20and%20divisors.md#greatest-common-divisor)
> of the numerator and the denominator is $1$.

> Whenever we reduce a fraction, the resultant fraction will always be
> [equivalent](Equivalent%20fractions.md) to the fraction we started with.

Thus the fraction $\frac{2}{3}$ is reduced to its lowest terms because the
greatest common divisor is 1. Neither the numerator or the denominator can be
reduced to any lower terms. In contrast, the fraction $\frac{4}{6}$ is not
reduced to its lowest terms because the greatest common divisor of both 4 and 6
is 2, not 1.

### 1. Reducing with repeated application of divisors

The following demonstrates the process of reducing a fraction to its lowest
terms in a series of steps:

$$
\\frac{18}{24} = \frac{18/2}{24/2} = \frac{9}{12} = \frac{9/3}{12/3} = \frac{3}{4}
$$

\_Once we get to $\frac{3}{4}$ the greatest common divisor is 1, therefore
$\frac{18}{24}$ has been reduced to its lowest terms \_.

### 2. Reducing in one step with the highest common divisor

In the previous example the reduction took two steps: first we divided by two
and then we divided by three. There is a more efficient way: find the
[highest common divisor](Factors%20and%20divisors.md#greatest-common-divisor) of
the numerator and denominator and then use this as the basis for the reduction.
With this method, the reduction can be completed in a single step.

The greatest common divisor of 18 and 24 is 6, thus:

$$
\frac{18}{24} = \frac{18/6}{24/6} = \frac{3}{4}
$$

Note how our earlier two divisors 2 and 3 are
[factors](Factors%20and%20divisors.md#factors) of 6, showing the consistency
between the two methods.

### 3. Reducing with factors and cancellation

The two methods above are not very systematic and are quite heuristic. The third
approach is more systematic and relies on the
[interchangeability of factors and divisors](Factors%20and%20divisors.md).

Instead of thinking asking what is the greatest common divisor of 18 and 24 we
could ask: which single number can we multiply by to get 18 and 24? Obviously
both numbers are in the six times table. This is therefore to say that 6 is a
[factor](Factors%20and%20divisors.md#factors) of both: we can multiply some
number by 6 to arrive at both 18 and 24. The numbers are 3 and 4 respectively:

$$
\\begin{split}
3 \cdot 6 = 18 \\
4 \cdot 6  = 24
\\end{split}
$$

Here, 3 and 4 are the multiplicands of the factor 6. As $\frac{3}{4}$ doesn't
have a lower common factor, it is therefore defined in its lowest terms.

Once we have reached this point, we no longer need the common factor 6, we can
therefore cancel it out, leaving the multiplicands as the reduced fraction:

$$
\\begin{split}
3  \cancel{\cdot6= 18}\\
4  \cancel{\cdot6= 24}
\\end{split}
$$

### 4. Reducing with prime factorisation

This is still a bit long-winded however particularly when finding the factors of
larger numbers because we have to go through the factors of both numbers to find
the largest held in common.

A better method is to utilise [prime factorization](Prime%20factorization.md)
combined with the canceling technique.

First we find the prime factors of both the numerator and denominator:
![drawio-Page-7.drawio.png](drawio-Page-7.drawio.png)

This gives us:

$$
\\frac{18}{24} = \frac{2 \cdot 3 \cdot 3}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 3}
$$

We then cancel out the factors held in common between the numerator and
denominator:

$$
\\frac{\cancel{2} \cdot \cancel{3} \cdot 3}{\cancel{2} \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \cancel{3}}
$$

This gives us:

$$
\\frac{3}{2 \cdot 2}
$$

We then simplify the fraction as normal to its lowest term (conducting any
multiplications required by what is left from the prime factorization):

$$
\\frac{3}{4}
$$

## Reducing fractions that contain variables

Superficially this looks to be more difficult but in fact we can apply the same
prime factorization method to get the result.

### Demonstration

_Reduce the following fraction to its lowest terms: $$\frac{25a^3b}{40a^2b^3}$$_

The prime factors of the numerator and denominator:

$$
\\begin{split}
25 = {5, 5} \\
40 = {2,2,2,5}
\\end{split}
$$

Now we apply canceling but we include the variable parts, treating them exactly
the same as the coefficients. We break them out of their exponents however.

$$\frac{25a^3b}{40a^2b^3} =\frac{5 \cdot 5 \cdot a \cdot a \cdot a \cdot b}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 5 \cdot a \cdot a \cdot b \cdot b \cdot b }$$

Canceled:

$$\frac{\cancel{5} \cdot 5 \cdot  \cancel{a} \cdot \cancel{a} \cdot a \cdot \cancel{b}}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \cancel{5} \cdot \cancel{a} \cdot \cancel{a} \cdot \cancel{b} \cdot b \cdot b }$$

Which gives us:

$$
\\frac{5 \cdot a}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot b \cdot b} = \frac{5a}{8b^2}
$$

## Reducing fractions that contain negative values

_Reduce the following fraction to its lowest terms: $$\frac{14y^5}{-35y^3}$$_

- This fraction is an instance of a
  [fraction with unlike terms](Handling%20negative%20fractions.md#fractions-with-unlike-terms).

- Apply [Prime factorization](Prime%20factorization.md):

  ![draw.io-Page-8.drawio.png](draw.io-Page-8.drawio.png)

- Cancel the coefficients and variable parts

  $$
  \\frac{14y^5}{-35y^3}=\frac{5 \cdot 7 \cdot 2 \cdot y \cdot y \cdot y \cdot y \cdot y}{-5 \cdot 7  \cdot y \cdot y \cdot y} = - \frac{2y^2}{5}
  $$

_Reduce the following fraction to its lowest terms:
$$\frac{- 12xy^2}{ - 18xy^2}$$_

- This fraction is an instance of a
  [fraction with like terms](Handling%20negative%20fractions.md#fractions-with-like-terms).

- Apply [Prime factorization](Prime%20factorization.md):

![draw.io-Page-8.drawio 1.png](draw.io-Page-8.drawio%201.png)

- Cancel the coefficients and variable parts

  $$

  * \\frac{12xy^2}{18xy^2}=\frac{3 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot x \cdot y \cdot y}{3 \cdot 7  \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot x \cdot x \cdot y} = - \frac{2y}{3x}
  $$
